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Türkiye'de kaya parçalamadan petrol çıkmazmı?

Türkiye'nin doğal petrol kaynakları az ve ihiyacı karşılamak için yetersiz.

Türkiye'de petrol ve doğalgaz
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye%27de_petrol_ve_do%C4%9Falgaz

  • 1890, İlk sondaj Hatay İskenderun, Çengen'de açıldı.[3]
  • 1940, Batman, Raman-1 kuyusunda petrol bulundu.
  • 1945, Batman Rafinerisi açıldı.
  • 1954, TPAO kuruldu.
  • 1954-1973, günlük üretim 70.000 varili geçti.
  • 1974-1983, petrol kanundaki kısıtlamalardan dolayı üretim düştü.
  • 1984-1991, liberal düzenlemeler sonucu üretim 4,4 milyon tona yükseldi.
  • 1992-2008, mahkeme kararlarıyla kanunların değişmesi, üretimin yarı yarıya azalmasına neden oldu.

Türkiye'deki rezervlerin çoğu sert gaz yataklarıdır. Gaz ve petrol bulunduran kaya formasyonları atom bombaları patlatılarak tuz buz edilmeden üretim yapmak mümkün değildir.

A BRIEF LOOK ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF SHALE GAS EXTRACTION
16.04.2016, by Fatih Temiz
https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/344867

"There are two major prospective basins of shale gas in Turkey – the Thrace Basin and the Southeast Anatolia Basin – as shown in Figure 1 below. These two basins are studied and undergone for exploring oil and natural gas by the state-owned Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TP) and other privately owned local and international companies. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) provides the following map of shale gas reservoirs of Turkey. TP is leading the hydrocarbon exploration activities in Turkey. The Salt Lake Basin and the Sivas Basin still need to be further explored. There have been limited studies on these two basins. As it can be seen in the map, some large metropolitan areas in Turkey are located in the locality of shale gas basinsIstanbul, Ankara, Edirne, Konya, Sivas, Gaziantep, Hatay, and Diyarbakir. Therefore, the obscurity of the safety or danger of shale gas is a matter of concern."

Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources: Turkey
Independent Statistics & Analysis, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, September 2015
https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/pdf/Turkey_2013.pdf

"About 350 wells have been drilled in thirteen gas fields and three oil fields in this basin. The Thrace Basin is primarily a tight sand gas play, sourced by adjoining and deeper shales."

"The depth of the Dadas Shale in the SE Anatolian Basin ranges from 6,000 ft (1828.8 m) to 13,000 ft (3962.4 m), averaging 9,000 ft in the oil window and 9,500 ft (2743.2 m) in the wet gas and condensate window. The total Dadas Shale Formation has an extensive gross thickness of over 1,000 ft (304,8 m), with, its lower, 200-ft (60,96 m) thick basal portion considered the primary organic-rich source rock."

TPAO 13 ilde petrol atağına kalktı: Günlük 65 bin varil ile yeni rekor kırılabilir
10:35 . 8/08/2022 Pazartesi, Yeni Şafak
https://www.yenisafak.com/foto-galeri/ekonomi/tpao-13-ilde-petrol-atagina-kalkti-gunluk-65-bin-varil-ile-yeni-rekor-kirilabilir-2067577

"Dört sondaj gemisi ile denizlerdeki arama faaliyetlerine hız veren Türkiye, karada da Cumhuriyet tarihinin en büyük arama kampanyasını başlatmış durumda. Son sekiz ayda 13 ilde 20'ye yakın saha için arama ruhsatı alan Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı, yıl sonunda günlük petrol üretimini 65 bin varile çıkararak rekor kırmayı hedefliyor."

"Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı Maden ve Petrol İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından TPAO'ya en son verilen arama ruhsatı Antalya, Manisa ve Kahramanmaraş-Gaziantep sınırı için verildi."

Lütfen aşağıdaki TPAO sayfasından alınan makaleyi okurken "ankonvansiyonel" veye "geleneksel olmayan" ve "yeni yöntem" terimlerinin yerine hep "atom bombalı" diye okuyun ki gerçek anlamını ortaya çıkarabilesiniz. Nükleer bombalarla kaya kırımı 1967 den itibaren, PLOWSHARE projesiyle özel sektöre devredildi. 1991 den sonra bu yöntem küresellestirildi. Yani bunun "2000’li yılların başında" Texas'da başlatıldığı doğru değil!

Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı: Ankonvansiyonel
Kopye tarihi: 25.02.2023
https://www.tpao.gov.tr/ankonvansiyonel

"Geleneksel yöntemlerle üretim yapılamayan hidrokarbon kaynaklarından, geleneksel olmayan yöntemlerle üretim yapılabilmesi, sektörde ankonvansiyonel yöntemle üretim olarak adlandırılmaktadır.

vermesi nedeniyle, dengeleri değiştiren çok önemli bir gelişme olarak hidrokarbon sektörü tarihinde yerini almıştır. Yüksek potansiyeli kısa sürede anlaşılan yeni yöntemler, Kuzey Amerika, Orta Amerika, Avrupa, Avustralya ve Uzak Doğu Asya bölgelerinde de uygulanmış, ülkemizde ise 2007 tarihinde kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.

Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı’nın bu alanda yaptığı çalışmaların hedefi, ankonvansiyonel yöntemleri ülkemizde başarı ile uygulayarak geleneksel yöntemlerle üretilmesi mümkün olmayan hidrokarbon rezervlerini de ekonomimize kazandırmaktır. TPAO’nun Güneydoğu Anadolu ve Trakya Bölgelerinde yoğunlaşan faaliyetleri günümüzde başarıyla sürdürülmeye devam etmektedir.

2014 yılında Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde, ankonvansiyonel yöntemlerin kullanılmasının uygun olduğu değerlendirilen, Konacık-1 ve Akçay-1 kuyularının sondajı tamamlanmıştır. Konacık-1 kuyusunda 500 metre yatay sondaj yapılmış, sonrasında hidrolik çatlatma ile 42 API yüksek graviteli şeyl petrolü alınmıştır. 2019 yılı içerisinde, Gözalan-1/K/M ve Batı Bostanpınar-1/R kuyularının sondajı tamamlanmıştır. Gözalan-1/K/M kuyusunda yaklaşık 1000 metre yatay sondaj başarı ile yapılmış ve hidrolik çatlatma operasyonu başlatılmıştır. Batı Bostanpınar-1/R kuyusunda ise 2020 yılının ilk çeyreğinde çatlatma operasyonunun yapılması planlanmaktadır.

Trakya Bölgesi’nde, havzanın şeyl gaz ve kesif kumtaşı gazlarına yönelik potansiyel belirleme faaliyetleri devam etmektedir. 2015 yılında Çeşmekolu-1 ve 2016 yılında Çakıcı-1 kuyularında sondaj tamamlanmış, 2017 yılında hidrolik çatlatma operasyonları gerçekleştirilmiştir. 2019 yılı içerisinde Çeşmekolu-2/S kuyusunun sondajı 4750 m’de tamamlanmış olup, 2020 yılı içerisinde hidrolik çatlatma operasyonunun yapılması planlanmaktadır.

Milli enerji politikamıza uygun olarak ankonvansiyonel kaynaklara yönelik bu güne kadar gerçekleştirdiğimiz ve devam eden sondaj faaliyetleriyle TPAO, ülkemizin hidrokarbon potansiyelini açığa çıkarmak için teknolojinin tüm imkânlarını kullanarak çalışmaya kesintisiz şekilde devam etmektedir.

Ülkemizin enerjide dışa bağımlılığını azaltma hedefine katkıda bulunmak temel amacımızdır. Ankonvansiyonel teknikleri kullanarak yürüttüğümüz faaliyetlerdeki amacımız, ülkemizin şimdiye kadar üretime katılamamış kaynaklarından ankonvansiyonel yöntemleri kullanarak üretim yapabilmektir.

TPAO olarak ankonvansiyonel alanda her türlü çalışmayı gerek ortaklığımız bünyesinde gerek diğer kurum ve kuruluşlarla ortak projelerle gerçekleştirmekteyiz. Bu bağlamda, Türkiye Taşkömürü Kurumu (TTK) ile Zonguldak kömürlerinin kömür gazı potansiyelini araştırmak üzere Kasım 2018’de bir işbirliği protokolü imzalanmıştır. 2019 yılı boyunca yapılan çalışmalar ile Zonguldak’taki kömür gazının ülke ekonomisine kazandırılması konusunda TTK’ye teknik destek verilmeye devam edilmektedir."

Asıl teknoloji getiren, ve işletenler TPOA veya diğer Türkiye şirketleri değil, nükleer güç olan anglosakson devlelerinden! Türker sadece bostan korkuluğu görevi yapıyor, ne kontrol edebiliyor ve nede yapılanlarin yaratabileceği hasarı hesap ve tahmin edebiliyorlar. Sadece TransAtlantic Resources şirketi 500 tane yatay kuyu delmiş! Kanada'lı şirket Valeire Energy Inc 150 tane yatay kuyu delmiş.

Birtek dikey kuyudan kat kat yatay tünellerle üst üste olan şeyl petrol yataklarına erişiliyor. Çok verimli olan bu yataklardan hissedarlar kar edeceklermiş, ama onların karı yüzbinlerce ölen ve evsiz kalan insanların kanı, canı ve zarari üzerine kuruludur! "Frack" dedikleri atom bomba ile kaya kırılmasıdır!

Turkey's Dadas Shale: One Of The World's Top Unconventional Shale Oil Plays
Feb. 11, 2013 2:49 PM
https://seekingalpha.com/article/1172631-turkeys-dadas-shale-one-of-the-worlds-top-unconventional-shale-oil-plays

"In southeast Turkey, Dallas/Istanbul-based TransAtlantic Resources (TAT) has come closest, recently announcing two 500 bopd horizontal wells in a conventional reservoir (think of the old-style oil pools vs. the new shale, tight oil) in the Mardin formation, above and below the Dadas shale.

TransAtlantic and Calgary-based partner Valeura Energy Inc. (OTCPK:PNWRF) also drilled a successful 150 bopd horizontal well in the same formation to the west at Gaziantep. These horizontals are firsts for Turkey. That got everyone's attention - that oil had to be sourced from a local rock.

TransAtlantic and Valeura and their partners have also found oil in a new play in southeast Turkey in the Bedinan formation which is just below the Dadas Shale but oil is also sourced from the Dadas. This is relatively tight oil but a recent frac by TransAtlantic in the Bedinan has shown that production rates can be significantly improved.

"In the last six months we started having success in the southeast oil plays," says Chad Potter, VP Finance of TransAtlantic. "We're coming at it from multi-play idea on each license; where there is stacked pay, all likely sourced from Dadas shale."

"Stacked pay" is industry talk for several underground oil formations all on top of each other like blankets on a bed. This allows producers to drill off several horizontal wells at different depths from one surface location - lowering costs and making production more profitable. It's what everyone is trying to do with shale plays in North America.

Potter said in a recent interview with Natural Gas Europe that investors understand that Dadas could be a big international shale discovery.

"Horizontal drilling and frac technology is changing the game in chasing oil in southeast Turkey," said Jim McFarland, President and CEO of Valeura. "The Dadas Shale is a world-class source rock that has fed giant fields across the Middle East and North Africa."

TransAtlantic, along with Calgary-based Anatolia Energy and Valeura, definitely need to reward shareholders. All three have had a spotty exploration record over the last two years, and all of their share prices have lost 75% of their value from two years ago. (To be fair, most junior international exploration stocks have done the same.)

TransAtlantic's next important well, the Bahar-2H, has already spud and is targeting the Bedinan formation, directly below the Dadas shale and the company plans to complete the well with a multi-stage frac.

Anatolia Energy CFO Pat McGrath says the company is doing a production test into the Dadas shale in September, with what will likely be a two-stage vertical frack. They're hoping for as much as 50 bopd per frack stage as a goal to shoot for.

Other operators are also into Dadas. Shell stepped back on to the scene in September 2012 in partnership with Turkey's state-owned TPAO. Exxon Mobil (XOM) is said to be seeking an opportunity in the Dadas.

Potter, McGrath and McFarland are keen to point out that the majors' return to Dadas means that they were right to focus their investment here - even though the payout will be a while in coming.

"The greatest potential in Turkey is in the unconventional plays. Turkey is essentially in the same stage as the North American Basins were in 2002. These plays have completely changed the North American oil and gas sector," McGrath says. "This is the only opportunity to make a large enough impact to reverse the declining oil production in Turkey.

One thing holding back even more exploration in Turkey is lack of access to Turkey's historical geological and production data. While Turkey has been exceptionally generous with foreign oil and gas companies - offering some of the "most attractive fiscal terms in the world," says McGrath - it maintains a tight lease on data that could help unleash the shale bounty.

With all the other pieces in place, the main question for the industry right now, says McGrath, is "how and when we will be able to access the old producing fields, now held by the National Oil Company. These fields hold great potential for re-activation using unconventional technology. In the meantime, the national oil company just maintains marginal production through conventional wellbores."

And this is what Transatlantic, Anatolia and Valeura are banking on. For all, there is a strong focus on the Dadas Shale and the Bedinan and Mardin formations. Both are in the southeast.

For Potter it's essential to look at this from the "eye of the North American unconventional attitude."

Do the markets agree? Well, not just yet. The markets are saying "prove that any of this works," according to Potter. But lately, each time they unlock a bit of value they have unlocked a bit of the stock price, as the stock chart has started to turn positive.

Turkey's BIG FIND is yet to happen. But the Dadas Shale gives the country its best chance at igniting a staking and production boom that could rival what's happened in the United States in the last five years.


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