CONTENT
- Nuclear Dilemma!
- Nuclear Industry is urgently needed!
- Ambitious nuclear targets!
- Where do you get the water from?
- Related Articles
1. Nuclear Dilemma!
Saudi Arabia is in the same dilemma as all other countries, which have enormous reserves of oil, natural gas, condensates, CO and CO2, but no nuclear industry of their own to be able to blast the mineral resources out of the low-lying and hard rock formations without external participation.
The so-called "friends" want to prevent the Saudis from obtaining the required nuclear technology this, but Russia and China are ready to build a nuclear industry in Saudi Arabia.
Only with its own nuclear industry will Saudi Arabia be able to operate nuclear fracking independently of the US mineral oil companies. Apparently, the Saudis don't want to become dependent on another nuclear power.
With Iran, the US is ruthless as US corporations can plunder Iran's gas reserves under the Persian Gulf from side of Qatar. What do they want to do against the Saudis now?
Why Iran needs the atom-bombs? Not for war or deterrence, but for FRACKING!
https://geoarchitektur.blogspot.com/p/why-iran-needs-atom-bombs-not-for-war.html
Turkey is also in this struggle and the same can be expected from Egypt and other countries.
From German: Turkey is exploring for natural gas and needs its own nuclear bombs to be able to frack independently.
2. Nuclear industry is urgently needed!
The scale and intensity of Saudi investment in the nuclear industry may seem unrealistic and excessive to the uninformed, but for the House of al-Saud and the people of the desert state the goals must be no less ambitious. It is about the viability of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
After all, the population of the desert state is over 34 million and has no significant source of income other than the production and sale of mineral oil, gas and condensates by Nuclear Fracking & Hydraulic Pressing!
The necessary technology and nuclear explosive devices are provided by the US military-industrial complex (MIC). The MIC of the USA, on the other hand, is absolutely dependent on the Saudis because of the mineral oil and gas trade in Dollars. But the US is wobbling and is rapidly losing power and influence in the world, but particularly in the Middle East.
The Saudi mineral oil industry and the entire national economy linked to it cannot function without Nuclear Fracking, but where they will get the required water from in the future is still in the stars. The US climate control industry provides the water supply for the time being.
3. Ambitious nuclear targets!
Saudi Arabia wants to build a complete nuclear infrastructure in order to become militarily and industrially independent.
Russia’s Rosatom to bid in 16 Saudi nuclear plants
Thursday, 02 November 2017 10:46 PM
https://www.presstv.com/Detail/2017/11/02/540795/Russai-Saudi-Arabia-Rosatom-nuclear-plant-KACARE
"Russia and Saudi Arabia have recently signed an agreement on energy and climate. They have also inked a memorandum of understanding and cooperation in the energy sector.
According to Novak, the Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF) and Saudi Arabia’s Public Investment Fund (PIF) were considering investing in more than 20 projects worth over $10 billion. The two sides had already spent more than $1 billion on nine joint projects.
Earlier this week, sources told Reuters that Riyadh had already taken the first step towards a formal tender by sending out a request for information (RFI) to reactor vendors in Russia, South Korea, China, France, Japan and the US in order to build two nuclear power plants.
“Rosatom has expressed its interest and sent its initial proposals to the Saudi nuclear authorities. We are looking forward to the tender and are ready to take part in such a great project,” a Rosatom spokesman told Reuters on Thursday.
The company said in September last year that it was “ready to build 16 nuclear power plants in Saudi Arabia” with an estimated cost of around $100 billion, under a 2015 intergovernmental agreement (IGA) with the country.
The King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy (KACARE), the Saudi agency drawing up the nuclear plans, has declared on its website that the kingdom is considering building 17.6 gigawatts of nuclear capacity by 2032.
The kingdom unveils plans to extract its own uranium as part of efforts to boost its nuclear program.
This means that the country would need at least 17 standard nuclear reactors.
KACARE head Hashim bin Abdullah Yamani said Monday that Saudi Arabia plans to mine its own uranium as part of efforts to bolster its nuclear program and attain “self-sufficiency” in the production of “nuclear fuel.”
The kingdom has approximately 60,000 tons of uranium ore, according to the latest figures provided by Maher al-Odan, the chief atomic energy officer of KACARE."
Saudi Arabia plans to extract uranium for nuclear program
Tuesday, 31 October 2017 7:09 AM
https://www.presstv.com/Detail/2017/10/31/540450/Saudi-Arabia-uranium-KACARE-Hashim-Yamani
https://www.presstv.com/Detail/2017/11/02/540795/Russai-Saudi-Arabia-Rosatom-nuclear-plant-KACARE
"Russia and Saudi Arabia have recently signed an agreement on energy and climate. They have also inked a memorandum of understanding and cooperation in the energy sector.
According to Novak, the Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF) and Saudi Arabia’s Public Investment Fund (PIF) were considering investing in more than 20 projects worth over $10 billion. The two sides had already spent more than $1 billion on nine joint projects.
Earlier this week, sources told Reuters that Riyadh had already taken the first step towards a formal tender by sending out a request for information (RFI) to reactor vendors in Russia, South Korea, China, France, Japan and the US in order to build two nuclear power plants.
“Rosatom has expressed its interest and sent its initial proposals to the Saudi nuclear authorities. We are looking forward to the tender and are ready to take part in such a great project,” a Rosatom spokesman told Reuters on Thursday.
The company said in September last year that it was “ready to build 16 nuclear power plants in Saudi Arabia” with an estimated cost of around $100 billion, under a 2015 intergovernmental agreement (IGA) with the country.
The King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy (KACARE), the Saudi agency drawing up the nuclear plans, has declared on its website that the kingdom is considering building 17.6 gigawatts of nuclear capacity by 2032.
The kingdom unveils plans to extract its own uranium as part of efforts to boost its nuclear program.
This means that the country would need at least 17 standard nuclear reactors.
KACARE head Hashim bin Abdullah Yamani said Monday that Saudi Arabia plans to mine its own uranium as part of efforts to bolster its nuclear program and attain “self-sufficiency” in the production of “nuclear fuel.”
The kingdom has approximately 60,000 tons of uranium ore, according to the latest figures provided by Maher al-Odan, the chief atomic energy officer of KACARE."
Saudi Arabia plans to extract uranium for nuclear program
Tuesday, 31 October 2017 7:09 AM
https://www.presstv.com/Detail/2017/10/31/540450/Saudi-Arabia-uranium-KACARE-Hashim-Yamani
"“Regarding the production of uranium in the kingdom, this is a program which is our first step towards self-sufficiency in producing nuclear fuel,” Yamani said, adding, “We utilize the uranium ore that has been proven to be economically efficient.”
Saudi Arabia has approximately 60,000 tons of uranium ore, according to the latest figures provided by Maher al Odan, the chief atomic energy officer of KACARE."
Saudi to take bids to kick off ambitious nuclear power plants: Report
Thursday, 14 September 2017 10:44 PM
"This will make Saudi Arabia only the second Arab country after the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to go nuclear, in a bid to provide its 32 million population with electricity. The UAE’s first reactor is expected to go live next year.
Ambitious planning heats up competition
The King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy (KACARE), the Saudi government agency drawing up the nuclear plans, has declared on its website that the kingdom is considering building 17.6 gigawatts of nuclear capacity by 2032.
That means the kingdom is considering building up to 17 standard nuclear reactors.
Although estimates put the possible tender’s value at several billion dollars, it is still expected to be dwarfed by those being considered in India and South Africa."
Satellite images confirm yellow-cake facility in Saudi northwest desert
Monday, 31 August 2020 8:10 AM
https://www.presstv.com/Detail/2020/08/31/632988/Clandestine-Saudi-Nuclear-facility-uncovered
"In one of its latest reports, The Wall Street Journal, has uncovered a facility constructed in a remote area in Saudi Arabia for extracting uranium yellow-cake from uranium ore. Ironically, the facility is located near a solar-panel production area."
Location of Saudi Yellowcake facility
"In May 2019, a US Congressional Committee issued a report according to which the Trump Administration was allowing American companies to offer Saudi Arabia nuclear technologies without getting non-proliferation guarantees."
"In May 2019, a US Congressional Committee issued a report according to which the Trump Administration was allowing American companies to offer Saudi Arabia nuclear technologies without getting non-proliferation guarantees."
"There are also reports over the past two years or so that Israel is contributing to the Saudi nuclear project and we should all question this and bring it to light because it would make perfect sense for the U.S. and Israel to help the Saudi Arabia develop nuclear weapons and then kind of blame it on China who could very well be considering helping them nuclear energy."
Bin Salman: Saudi holds 5% of global uranium reserves
March 27, 2018 at 11:20 am
https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20180327-bin-salman-saudi-holds-5-of-global-uranium-reserves/
"Saudi Arabia “holds five per cent of the world’s uranium reserves”, Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman told the Washington Post in an interview.
“If we do not make use of our uranium it is as if we have abandoned the use of oil.”"
"Saudi Arabia says it needs nuclear energy to overcome the stage of burning oil in electricity generation and diversify its economic resources. It also says that it is planning to call for investors to build nuclear plants on its soil by the end of this year."
Why does Saudi Arabia want to spend billions to enrich its own uranium?
By Steven Mufson, March 19, 2018 at 12:51 p.m. GMT+1
https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/why-does-saudi-arabia-want-to-spend-billions-to-enrich-its-own-uranium/2018/03/19/1ce87608-2225-11e8-badd-7c9f29a55815_story.html
"Saudi Arabia’s Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has reaffirmed the kingdom’s desire to keep up with Iran’s nuclear program, casting doubt on Saudi claims that it seeks to mine and enrich uranium solely for civilian use and reawakening fears of a Middle East nuclear arms race.
In an interview with CBS’s “60 Minutes,” Mohammed said that “Saudi Arabia does not want to acquire any nuclear bomb, but without a doubt if Iran developed a nuclear bomb, we will follow suit as soon as possible.”"
"In recent months, other senior Saudi officials have made comments similar to Mohammed’s, asserting that Saudi Arabia cannot accept nuclear cooperation terms that would be worse than those given Iran under the accord forged by President Barack Obama and backed by international powers — which curbed Iran’s nuclear program in exchange for lifting international sanctions."
Saudi Arabia May Be Building Uranium Facility
September 2020
By Julia Masterson and Shannon Bugos https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2020-09/news/saudi-arabia-may-building-uranium-facility
"With Chinese support, Saudi Arabia may be constructing a new uranium processing facility to enhance its pursuit of nuclear technology, The Wall Street Journal reported on Aug. 4. Citing unnamed Western officials, the report said that a facility near Al Ula is intended to be used to produce concentrated uranium, known as yellowcake, from mined ore. The reported development comes as U.S. and Saudi officials have been unable to agree on the terms of a nuclear cooperation agreement to support Saudi plans to develop nuclear energy."
Saudi Arabia's need for Atomic Energy
https://www.energy.gov.sa/en/snaep/Pages/ov.aspx
"Due to the rapid increase in energy demand across the industrial and residential sectors and to reduces the reliance on hydrocarbon in order to use petroleum for higher value purposes and export, the Kingdom is planning a sustainable energy mix that includes Atomic energy to meet the energy needs of the Kingdom to produce electricity, desalinated water and thermal energy. This will contribute in the process of balanced economic development. Therefore, introducing the nuclear energy into the national energy mix will impact positively on the energy industry in the kingdom, which consequent job creation and development in Energy and investment sector.
Saudi National Atomic Energy Project (SNAEP)
SNEAP was launched to enable a peaceful nuclear energy in the kingdom to contribute to the national energy mix in accordance with local requirements and international commitments and to be an important part in achieving the Kingdom vision 2030. In addition, nuclear energy will play a major role in reducing the increasing consumption of nation's fossil fuel and diversify the economics of the nation.
Saudi National Atomic Energy Project (SNAEP) Components
There are 4 core components of SNAEP as:
Saudi National Atomic Energy Project (SNAEP)
SNEAP was launched to enable a peaceful nuclear energy in the kingdom to contribute to the national energy mix in accordance with local requirements and international commitments and to be an important part in achieving the Kingdom vision 2030. In addition, nuclear energy will play a major role in reducing the increasing consumption of nation's fossil fuel and diversify the economics of the nation.
Saudi National Atomic Energy Project (SNAEP) Components
There are 4 core components of SNAEP as:
(1) Large Nuclear power plant,
(2) Small Module Reactor,
(3) Nuclear fuel cycle and
(4) Regulator. "
Nuclear Power in Saudi Arabia
(Updated August 2020)
Nuclear Power in Saudi Arabia
(Updated August 2020)
"Saudi Arabia currently plans to construct two large nuclear power reactors.
The country had projected 17 GWe of nuclear capacity by 2040 to provide 15% of the power then, along with over 40 GWe of solar capacity.
There are additional plans for small reactors for desalination.
- Total generation (in 2017): 348 TWh gross
- Generation mix: natural gas 222 TWh (64%); oil 126 TWh (36%)
- Import/export balance: No imports/exports, see below.
- Total consumption: 292 TWh
- Per capita consumption: Circa 9500 kWh in 2017
Saudi Arabia’s population has grown from 4 million in 1960 to over 31 million in 2016. It consumes over one-quarter of its oil production, and while energy demand is projected to increase substantially, oil production is not."
"In December 2006 the six member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) – Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Qatar and Oman – announced that the Council was commissioning a study on the peaceful use of nuclear energy. France agreed to work with them on this, and Iran pledged assistance with nuclear technology."
"In June 2011 the coordinator of scientific collaboration at KA-CARE said that it planned to construct 16 nuclear power reactors over the next 20 years at a cost of more than 300 billion riyals ($80 billion). These would generate about 20% of Saudi Arabia's electricity. Smaller reactors such as Argentina’s CAREM are envisaged for desalination. An April 2013 timeline showed nuclear construction starting in 2016."
"In September 2013 both GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy and Toshiba/Westinghouse signed contracts with Exelon Nuclear Partners (ENP), a division of Exelon Generation, to pursue reactor construction deals with KA-CARE. GEH proposed its ABWR and ESBWR, while Toshiba/Westinghouse proposed the AP1000 and Toshiba's ABWR. Areva and EdF signed a number of agreements with Saudi companies and universities, and EdF signed an agreement with Saudi Arabia's Global Energy Holding Company (GEHC) for the creation of a joint venture whose first task would be to carry out feasibility studies for an EPR reactor in the country."
China reportedly helped Saudi Arabia build secret nuclear site
By Steven Nelson August 5, 2020 | 11:51am | Updated
"Chinese companies recently helped Saudi Arabia construct a secret uranium extraction facility, according to a report.
The absolute monarchy, and a US ally, stealthily constructed the “yellowcake” processing plant in northwestern Saudi Arabia, the Wall Street Journal reports, citing Western officials."
"The China National Nuclear Corp. and the China Nuclear Engineering Group Corp. are believed to have worked on the Saudi nuclear project."
"The Saudi Energy Ministry told the Journal it “categorically denies” claims it build the extraction facility."
Pompeo: Tamping down ‘risk’ of Saudi nukes is a top US priority
By Ebony Bowden and Steven Nelson August 19, 2020
"WASHINGTON — Secretary of State Mike Pompeo says that nuclear proliferation by Saudi Arabia is a real “risk” — listing it among rogue regimes that the United States is keeping its eye on.
The remarks follow reports the Middle Eastern kingdom is building a secret uranium processing plant with help from China — a charge that the secretary did not deny when repeatedly pressed on whether the intelligence was true.
“We’ve made it a real priority in this administration, working on these proliferation issues,” Pompeo, 56, told The Post during an exclusive interview in his office on Wednesday where he confirmed he would be seeking a “snapback” of sanctions on Iran at the United Nations.
“We’re trying to take down risk of proliferation all across the world, whether that’s in Iran, Saudi Arabia, or North Korea, or Russia,” he said, naming the oil-rich country along with basket-case regimes.
The secretary did not deny reports that the strategic US ally is constructing a secret mill to process yellowcake, a basic material for uranium enrichment, in the Saudi desert with the help of Chinese technicians.
Pompeo went as far to suggest that Chinese officials offered the wealthy Arab country a deal that was “too good to be true.”
“We’re certainly working with parties throughout the Middle East, sharing with them our concerns about the Chinese Community Party and the risk that’s created when the Chinese Communist Party shows up with a deal that looks too good to be true,” he said.
“Perhaps I’ll just leave it at that,” he continued, declining to go further.
The kingdom reportedly wants to pursue nuclear energy but the move has spooked Saudi Arabia’s neighbors, including Israel who fear the secret uranium site is part of a future military program, according to an Axios report published Wednesday.
Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, the country’s de facto ruler, said in 2018 that “if Iran developed a nuclear bomb, we will follow suit as soon as possible.”
China reportedly helped Saudi Arabia build secret nuclear site
Unnamed Israeli officials told the publication they believe the Saudis made the deal with China because the Chinese government does not need assurances that the facility will be only used for peaceful purposes.
According to the Axios report, the US conditions any nuclear cooperation with Saudi Arabia on the assurance that the uranium will not be used for warfare or any other nefarious purposes.
The Saudi Energy Ministry told the Wall Street Journal that it “categorically denies” claims it is building the extraction facility.
The alleged deal comes as the relationship between Beijing and Washington grows increasingly strained, with President Trump blaming China for concealing the origins of the coronavirus and for cracking down on Hong Kong’s autonomy.
However, Saudi Arabia is considered a strategic ally against Iran in the region and Trump last year defied the wishes of both parties by vetoing a bill that would withdraw US support for the Saudi-led war in Yemen.
Pompeo on Wednesday said he hoped China would come to the table and work with them on nuclear proliferation.
“We’ve asked the Chinese to participate in our strategic dialogue on these very same types of weapon systems,” he said.
“It’s like, ‘Hey if you want to be a global player, you should engage in strategic dialogue with us on this,’ and to date they’ve not been permitted to be part of these trilateral conversations,” he said.
“I hope they change their mind.”"
17/12/2017Argaam
https://www.argaam.com/en/article/articledetail/id/519901
"The Saudi Geological Survey (SGS) has started a survey to explore and assess uranium and thorium resources in the Hail region of the Al Hail Province.
The project, which is being carried out in cooperation with the King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy (KACARE) and the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC), aims to explore uranium and thorium deposits for peaceful use.
During the launch of the project last Thursday, SGS president Zohair Nawab said the Kingdom had no intentions to use nuclear energy for military purposes.
The exploration survey is intended for mineral wealth exploration, power generation, seawater desalination, and developing renewable energy sources, he added.
In March, SGS and CNNC signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) in Beijing for bilateral cooperation in mineral resources. The two companies signed another MoU in September to explore uranium and thorium resources.
In October, Hashim bin Abdullah Yamani, president of KACARE, the agency tasked with the nuclear plans, said in Abu Dhabi that the Kingdom plans to extract uranium domestically as part of its nuclear power program and sees it as a step towards “self-sufficiency” in producing atomic fuel.
The world’s top oil exporter will award a construction contract for its first two nuclear reactors by the end of 2018, according to Reuters.
Last week, Bloomberg reported, citing three unnamed sources that the US government was “encouraging” Saudi Arabia to consider bids by American companies to build nuclear reactors and “may allow the enrichment of uranium.”"
Revealed: Saudi Arabia may have enough uranium ore to produce nuclear fuel
Thu 17 Sep 2020 17.22 BST Emma Graham-Harrison, Stephanie Kirchgaessner and Julian Borger
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/17/revealed-saudi-arabia-may-have-enough-uranium-ore-to-produce-nuclear-fuel
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/17/revealed-saudi-arabia-may-have-enough-uranium-ore-to-produce-nuclear-fuel
"Details of the stocks are contained in reports prepared for the kingdom by Chinese geologists, who have been scrambling to help Riyadh map its uranium reserves at breakneck speed as part of their nuclear energy cooperation agreement.
The disclosure will intensify concerns about Riyadh’s interest in an atomic weapons programme.
The survey report describes how geologists worked all year round despite blistering summer heat to identify reserves that could produce over 90,000 tonnes of uranium from three major deposits in the centre and northwest of the country."
Why Israel Should Worry About the Saudi and Emirati Nuclear Programs
Today’s ally can become tomorrow’s enemy, as Israel’s history of friendship with pre-revolutionary Iran and pre-Erdogan Turkey illustrates.
BY AZRIEL BERMANT | SEPTEMBER 17, 2020, 12:19 PM
https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/17/why-israel-should-worry-about-saudi-emirati-nuclear-programs/
"More significantly, Israel’s government has thus far chosen silence amid new revelations of Saudi Arabia’s construction of a new nuclear facility in cooperation with China, suggesting that the kingdom’s embryonic nuclear program is moving forward.
This hands-off approach undermines one of Israel’s most effective arguments in bringing international pressure to bear against Iran’s nuclear program: the idea that a failure to prevent a nuclear Iran would result in a nuclear arms race in the Middle East."
4. Where do you get the water from?
Nuclear bombs are necessary to blast the rock formations, but without pure water, the mineral oil droplets cannot be pressured out of the fracture. So far, the US climate control industry has ensured uninterrupted tropospheric water supply, so that the underground and above-ground reservoirs are always well filled.
Nuclear bombs are necessary to blast the rock formations, but without pure water, the mineral oil droplets cannot be pressured out of the fracture. So far, the US climate control industry has ensured uninterrupted tropospheric water supply, so that the underground and above-ground reservoirs are always well filled.
The goals for saving water are just as ambitious, but unrealistic, because nothing can change the water requirements of the extensive, fully automated and optimized desert agriculture, food processing, nuclear fracking, the nuclear power plants to be built and the petrochemical processing industry, and the population is not getting smaller either, but all of this will rather grow.
Even the figure of 263 liters of water per day reveals that the desert state needs water like an industrial state in the Temperate Climate Zone.
Through the program, the ministry aims to reduce daily per capita consumption from 263 liters to 200 liters by 2020 and to 150 liters by 2030.
Mar 21st, 2019
"Saudi Arabia, which has a population of about 33.4 million, is the world’s third largest per capita consumer of water after the United States (pop. 324.5 million approx.) and Canada (pop. 37.2 million), according to the Qatrah website. Through the Qatrah program, the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture aims to reduce daily per capita consumption from 263 liters to 200 liters by 2020 and to 150 liters by 2030."
The next paragraph essentially contains two lies and one truth! Yes, the rate of evaporation is high, as to be expected from a subtropical desert, but precipitation is kept drastically high by measures of climate control, so the water table is unnaturally high, and many artificial lakes provide above-ground water storage.
"Water security is a key challenge facing Saudi Arabia and has already led to the Kingdom emerging as the world’s largest producer of desalinated water. According to the Global Food Security Index 2015, 97 percent of Saudi Arabia’s population has access to potable water, despite extremely low annual rainfall, very high evaporation rates and the depletion of groundwater through previously unfettered usage."
The water consumption of desert agriculture cannot be reduced because it was built up with high investments and technically optimized from 1991. Not a drop can be spared. There are also modern systems for water treatment.
"According to Dr. Al Zaraa, the Kingdom’s water sources include desalinated water, renewable groundwater, non-renewable groundwater, treated wastewater and surface water. In 2016, he said, a total of 82 percent of non-renewable water consumption came in the agricultural sector, while the industrial and urban sectors accounted for 5 percent and 12 percent of non-renewable consumption, respectively."
What is not mentioned at all here are the huge industries for the production of oil, natural gas and condensates and the petrochemicals for refining. All these industries certainly consume more water than the maximally optimized, but probably oversized desert agriculture!
What is not mentioned at all here are the huge industries for the production of oil, natural gas and condensates and the petrochemicals for refining. All these industries certainly consume more water than the maximally optimized, but probably oversized desert agriculture!
“The agricultural sector consumes the most water, requiring the implementation of a number of initiatives that reduce water consumption in this sector, the most important of which are national transformation initiatives to control and regulate water consumption in agriculture and in the consumption of well water,” he said, adding that the Ministry plans to reduce the amount of water used in the agricultural sector and increase the amount of water available to the urban sector in 2030."
"Between 2012 and 2016, per capita consumption of water in Saudi Arabia increased significantly from 237 liters to 271 liters, he continued, pointing out the significant challenges to reducing water consumption. This problem, he stressed, is not confined to the Kingdom but is, indeed, a global problem."
"In February 2018, Saudi Arabia announced plans to build nine water desalination plants on the Red Sea coast, at a total cost of more than SAR 2 billion and with total production capacity of 240,000 cubic meters of water per day. The project to build the plants was to be ready in less than 18 months. Today, Saudi Arabia has more than 30 desalination plants in 17 locations."
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